A) In VIVO:

a) Parthenogenesis: From unfertilized egg cell

b) Apogamy: From antipodal and synergids

c) Androgenesis: From male nucleus. It contains paternal genotype and maternal plasmotype.

d) Semigamy: From unused male and female gametes independently.

e) Genome elimination by distant hybridization

f) Chemical treatment

g) Temperature shocks

h) Irradiation

B) In Vitro:

a) Anther culture

b) Pollen culture

c) Ovule culture