Course Content
Introduction
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Introduction
Physiological activities of a healthy plant.
Different definition of Disease
OBJECTIVES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
History of Plant Pathology At Ancient period
History of Plant Pathology at PRE-MODERN PERIOD
MODERN PERIOD
INDIAN SCIENTISTS
TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED IN PLANT PATHOLOGY
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Introduction
SURVIVAL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
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Introduction
SOURCES OF SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS:
Infected host as reservoir of inoculum
Saprophytic survival outside the host:
Differentiate Soil inhabitants and soil invaders
Survival as dormant spores or specialized resting structures
Dormant structures of survival
Factors affecting the survival of pathogen in the soil
Seed borne fungi
Dormant fungal structures on dormant or active host
Survival in association with insects, nematodes and fungi
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
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Introduction
I) Autonomous or direct or active dispersal:
A) Seed as the source of autonomous dispersal:
Differentiate Seed infection and infestation
B) Soil as a means of autonomous dispersal
C) The plant and the plant organs as a means of autonomous dispersal
II) Passive or Indirect dispersal:
1) Animate agents:
Virus transmitted diseases and their vector
Mycoplasma diseases
Mites
Fungi
Fungal transmitted viruses
Nematodes
Classification of nematode transmitted viruses
Nematode transmitted viruses
Dispersal by Human beings
Dispersal by phanerogamic parasites
Dispersal by birds
Farm and wild animals
2. Inanimate agents
PHENOMENON OF INFECTION/ INFECTION PROCESS
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Introduction
Success of process of infection
PRE-PENETRATION
PENETRATION
A. Indirect Penetration :
B. Direct penetration
Through non-cutinized surfaces
Through cutinized surfaces
POST PENETRATION
Invasion and colonization
Exit of the pathogen
ROLE OF ENZYMES IN PATHOGENESIS
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Composition of the cell wall
Cuticular wax
Cutin
Pectic substances
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Cell wall proteins
Lipids
Starch
ROLE OF TOXINS IN PLANT PATHOGENESIS
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Introduction
Toxin hypothesis (Luke and Wheeler, 1955):
Classification of toxins (Wheeler and Luke, 1963)
Classification based on specificity of toxins
Differentiate host – specific and non-host specific toxins
Effect of toxins on host tissues
ROLE OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN PLANT PATHOGENESIS
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Growth regulators
Growth promoting substances
Growth inhibiting substances
ROLE OF POLYSACCHARIDES IN PATHOGENESIS
DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS
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Introduction
Structural defense mechanisms
Pre-existing structural defense structures
Post-infectional structural defense mechanisms/Induced structural barriers
Biochemical defense mechanisms
Pre-existing chemical defenses
Post inflectional or induced defense mechanisms
PLANT DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY
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Epiphytology or Epidemiology
Importance of epidemiology
Disease Triangle
Disease Pyramid
Essential components/conditions for an Epiphytotic
Host factors
Pathogen factors
Weather factors
REMOTE SENSING
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Introduction
Objectives of remote sensing in plant Pathology
Remote sensing techniques of importance to Plant Pathology
Advantages of Remote sensing
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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Management and Importance
Essential considerations in plant disease Management
General principles of plant disease management
I. Avoidance of the pathogen:
II. Exclusion of the pathogen:
III. Eradication:
Methods of disease management
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PHYSICAL METHODS
Biological methods:
Biocontrol agents for the management of plant pathogens
Important fungal biocontrol agents
Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR):
Fungicides
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Some terminologies
Classification of fungicides
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICIDES BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE
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Introduction
PREPARATORY COPPER FUNGICIDES
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICIDES BASED ON METHOD OF APPLICATION
0/1
Introduction
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE (IMMUNIZATION)
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Introduction
Advantages of resistant varieties
Disadvantages
Types of resistance
Cross protection
INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT (IPDM)
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Introduction
Main components of IPDM
Main strategies of IPDM
Advantages of IPDM
Rice diseases and IPDM
IPDM strategy in rice
Sugarcane diseases and IPDM
IPDM in sugarcane
Biotechnology
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Introduction
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
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Introduction
IMPORTANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES OF IMPORTANCE TO PLANT PATHOLOGY
A. Production of virus free plants through plant tissue culture
B. Protoplast culture
Steps in protoplast fusion
Gene cloning/ Recombinant DNA technology / Genetic engineering
Steps in gene cloning
Enzymes involved and vectors used in gene cloning
Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE RESISTANT TRANSGENIC PLANTS THROUGH TI PLASMID MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
Learn introduction to plant pathology with Braimy – B.sc Agriculture
About Lesson
  1. Aerial photography:
  • Aerial photography can detect objects on land over a larger area.
  • Colwell (1956) showed that panchromatic colour and especially infrared aerial photography could be used to detect rusts and viral diseases of small grains and certain diseases of citrus.
  • The healthy foliage is highly reflective to the infrared wavelengths and appears red on this film whereas blighted or diseased foliage has low infrared reflectance and does not appear red in the photograph.

  1. Satellite Imaging :
  • By monitoring epidemic favoring systems using a satellite, the disease occurrence on the field can be monitored.
  • Ex: The spread and deposition of stem rust pathogen of wheat is influenced by definite synoptic weather conditions called Indian stem rust rules.
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