Course Content
. Introduction
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Introduction to Ecology and Environmental Science
Eight Key Concepts of Environmental Science
Definition of ecology
Divisions of Ecology
Different fields of Ecology
Scope of Environmental Studies with reference to Nepal
Applied ecology or application of ecology
Definition of Agroecology
Importance of Agroecology
Approaches of Agroecology
Interrelationships between human population and the environment
How does human activity affect the environment?
12 Biggest Environmental Problems according to Jared Diamond (author of Collapse)
Proposed solutions to Environmental problems
Environmental issues
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Environmental Hazards
Pollution and types of pollution
Types of pollution
Air Pollution
Consequences of Air Pollution
Water pollution
Radiation pollution
Thermal pollution
Noise pollution
Land Pollution
Effects of Land Pollution
Eutrophication
Process of Eutrophication
Harmful effect on the living organisms caused by environmental pollution
Control measures of pollution
PESTICIDES USES AND ABUSES
Biodegradation
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnifications
Pesticides misuse
Persistent Organic Pesticides /POPs
The Dirty dozen
Label Signal Words – (Toxicity to Humans)
Type of toxicity
Types of Allergic Effects
Basic Pesticide Safety
Industrial wastes and Solid waste management
Types of waste
EFFECTS OF WASTE
What should be done for waste Management?
Environmental impact assessment and monitoring
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Environmental Impact Assessment
Why EIA?
Core Values of EIA
Guiding Principles of EIA
Challenges of EIA practice in developing countries
When should EIA be applied?
When should EIA Process be undertaken?
What should EIA address?
Procedure of an Environmental Impact Assessment
What is an EIS?
Processes of EIS
Methods of EIA
Essential Elements of EIA
Methods of Assessment
Quantification of Environmental Impact
EIS Preparation: Steps to be followed
Structure
Monitoring
Principles of monitoring
Common Types of Monitoring
Conservation and management strategies
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Strategies used in developed and developing countries
Threats on environment
Environment problems associated with implementing natural resources and development activities
Government policies and laws
Ministry of environment
Environmental Protection Acts and Regulations in Chronological Order
Methods of people participation
Strategies for social stability
Strategies for physical stability
Strategies for biological stability
Drawbacks of Ex-situ Conservation
Urbanization, global warming and climatic change
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Urbanization
Sources of Urbanization
Global warming
Factors causing global warming
Effects of Global warming and Climate change on agricultural production
Local innovations related to climate change
Diversity of adaptation / innovation cases of Nepal
Organizations and their contribution in study and research in climate change
Farmhouse ecology
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Introduction
Main farming systems
Types of farming systems in Nepal
Components of farmhouse ecology
HOME GARDEN
The Nepalese context
A typical structure of home gardens in Nepal
Difference between Home garden and kitchen garden
Inter linkages among various components in farm house or home garden
The Proposed Benefits of Polycultural Production
Ecological principles
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Concepts of Ecosystem and Agroecosystems
Structure of Ecosystem processes
Abiotic components
Biotic components
Pond as an agro-ecosystem
Forest as an ecosystem
Crop field as an Agroecosystem
Functions of Ecosystems
Energy flow in ecosystems
Ecological pyramid
Pyramid of number
The pyramid of biomass
The pyramid of energy
Food chain
Types of food chains
Food web
Trophic level
Productivity concept
Plant indicators
Agricultural ecosystem dynamics
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Nutrient cycling
Type of nutrient cycling
Water balance
Applications
Species interactions
Competition
Types of competition
Concepts of Agroecosystems
Factors Responsible for Changing agro-ecosystems
Crop responses to environmental factors
Population ecology
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Introduction
Interaction of crops with weeds
Interaction of crops with insects
Management strategies for insect pests
CROP RESISTANCE TO PESTS
Interaction of crops with plant pathogens
Physiological plant disorders
Biopesticide
Biofertilizer
Integrated pest management
Principles of IPM
Agro-ecology of production systems
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Multiple Cropping
Agro forestry
Types of Agroforestry
Cover crop
Living mulch
Organic farming
Weed management
Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms
Shifting cultivation
Zero tillage
Strip-till
Sustainable agriculture
Types of agroecosystems
Comparison between natural ecosystems and agroecosystems (Gliessman, 1997)
Sustainability of agro-ecosystems
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Fundamental strategy for sustainable agriculture
Constraints to sustainable agriculture
Challenges to sustainable agriculture
Technologies suitable for a sustainable system
Adoption of technology by farmers
Guidelines to be considered for technology adoption
Principles of agroecology and sustainability
Measures to promote sustainability
Analysis of sustainable farming system
Sustainability in traditional agro-ecosystems
Social Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
Applying the Principles: Soil Fertility Management
Learn Environmental Sciences and Agro-ecology – B.Sc agriculture
About Lesson

a) Systemic – as asthma, shock

b) Skin irritation – rash, blisters, sores

c) Eye and nose – itchy/watery eyes, sneezing

d) Will occur with every exposure to the offending chemical

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